Impartiality and Independence of Judges

Both the European Convention for Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (ECHR) Charter Union (CFR) include right to a fair trial by an independent impartial tribunal established law. The exact meaning phrase ‘an law’ has developed in case In this article, I analyse how Court Justice have these brief statements into more detailed criteria. approach is historical, that is, law developed, also base my analysis on older sources where independence impartiality developed. As tool assessing impartiality, introduce five different aspects: 1) Impartiality as state mind, 2) Procedural 3) Independence 4) Institutional independence, importance appearances.